The Cold War 2 Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Cold War 2 Essay, Research Paper Introduction When World War II in Europe eventually came to an terminal on May 7, 1945, a new war was merely get downing. The Cold War: denoting the unfastened yet restricted competition that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union and their several Alliess, a war fought on political, economic, and propaganda foreparts, with limited resort to arms, mostly because of fright of a atomic holocaust.1 This term, The Cold War, was foremost used by presidential adviser Bernard Baruch during a congressional argument in 1947. Intelligence operations ruling this war have been conducted by the Soviet State Security Service ( KGB ) and the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , stand foring the two power axis, East and West severally, that arose from the wake of World War II. Both have conducted a assortment of operations from big scale military intercession and corruption to covert descrying and surveillance missions. They have known success and failure. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cold War 2 Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Bay of Pigs fiasco was shortly followed by Kennedy # 8217 ; s ft handling of the Cuban missile crisis. The determinations he made were helped immeasurably by intelligence gathered from reconnaissance exposures of the high height plane U-2. In understanding these bureaus today I will demo you how these bureaus came approximately, discourse yesteryear and present operations, and speak about some of their tools of the trade. Beginning of the CIA and KGB The CIA was a direct consequence of American intelligence operations during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt recognized the demand to co-ordinate intelligence to protect the involvements of the United States. In 1941, he appointed William J. Donovan to the caput of the Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) with central office in London. Four sections made up the Os: Support, Secretariat, Planning, and Overseas Missions. Each of these sections directed an array of subdivisions known as # 8216 ; operation groups # 8217 ; . This organisation had fallen into the disfavour of many involved in the federal disposal at this clip. This included the manager of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , J. Edgar Hoover, who did non like competition from a rival intelligence organisation. With the decease of Roosevelt in April of 1945, the OSS was disbanded under Truman and sections were either relocated or wholly dissolved. Soviet intelligence began with the formation of the Cheka, secret constabulary, under Feliks Dzerzhinsky at the clip of the revolution. By 1946, this bureau had evolved into the Ministry of Internal Affairs ( MVD ) , and the Ministry of State Security ( MGB ) both ruled by Lavrenti Beria. This adult male was doubtless the most powerful adult male in the Soviet Union with a huge imperium of prison cantonments, and sources to oppress any hints of dissent. Of considerable importance to Beria was the race for the atomic bomb. The Soviet Union and the United States both plundered the German V-2 projectile sites for stuffs and forces. In 1946 the MVD was responsible for the rounding up of 6000 scientists from the Soviet zone of Germany and taking them and their dependants to the Soviet Union.2 The political struggles of the 1930 # 8217 ; s and World War II left many educated people with the feeling that merely communism could battle economic depression and fascism. It was easy for Soviet agents to enroll work forces who would subsequently lift to places of power with entree to sensitive information. # 8216 ; Atom spies # 8217 ; were good positioned to maintain the Soviets informed of every American development on the bomb. Of considerable importance was a adult male by the name of Klaus Fuchs, a German Communist who fled Hitler # 8217 ; s purging and whose ability as a atomic physicist earned him a topographic point on the Manhattan Project. Fuchs passed information to the Soviets get downing in 1941, and was non arrested until 1950. Besides go throughing secrets to the Soviets were Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, executed in the United States in 1953. The latter two were likely among the first who believed in atomic disincentive, whereby neither state would utilize atomic arms because the other would utilize his in response, hence there would be no ssible victor. It is by and large believed that with such scientists as Andrei Sakharov, the Soviets were capable of working it out for themselves without the aid of intelligence. ( better passage ) The National Security Act of 1947 gave birth to the CIA, and in 1949 the CIA Act was officially passed. # 8220 ; The act exempted the CIA from all Federal Torahs that required the revelation of # 8216 ; maps, names, official rubrics, and wages or figure of forces employed by the bureau # 8217 ; . The manager was awarded staggering powers, including the right to # 8217 ; pass money without respect to the commissariats of jurisprudence and ordinances associating to the outgo of authorities financess # 8217 ; . The act besides allowed the manager to convey in 100 foreigners a twelvemonth secretly. # 8221 ; 3 The 1949 charter is basically the same 1 that the CIA utilizations to transport out covert operations today. The U-2 Incident In 1953, the CIA contracted Lockheed Aircraft Corporation of Burbank CA to construct a plane that would travel higher and farther than any yet produced. Kelly Johnson came up with the design for the U-2, a plane that would wing with a record high ceiling of 90,000 ft. and a scope of 4,000 foot. The U-2 flights are perchance the greatest victory achieved by the CIA since its establishing. This is because of the planes success at hedging sensing for such a long clip and the huge sums of information gathered. # 8220 ; We # 8217 ; ll neer be able to fit that one. Those flights were intelligence work on a mass production basis. # 8221 ; 4 On the fatal twenty-four hours of May 1, 1960, Gary Powers was sent up in his U-2 over the Soviet Union from the United States Air Force Base at Peshawar, Pakistan. His mission was to snap countries of military and economic signifigance and record wireless transmittals. The plane he flew was equipped with cameras, wireless receiving systems and tape recording equipments to carry through this mission. In add-on to these devices, the plane was besides equipped with self devastation capablenesss to blow up the U-2 if it was forced to land, and a blasting mechanism fitted to the tape recording equipment to destruct any grounds of the CIA # 8217 ; s monitoring of wireless signals. As his plane flew over the Soviet Union, the cameras recorded ammo terminals, oil storage installings, the figure and type of aircraft at military airdromes, and electric transmittal lines. When the plane did non return to its base after a sensible allowance of clip, it was assumed it had crashed for some ground or another. The fortunes environing the clang of the plane Powers flew on this is a still a enigma today, depending on whether you believe the Soviets or the Americans. The Soviets claim that # 8220 ; in position of the fact that this was a instance of the calculated invasion of Soviet air space with hostile aggressive purpose, the Soviet Government gave orders to hit down the plane # 8221 ; 5, and that they shot it out of the air with an SA- 2 missile at 8:53 A.M. at the height of 68,000 foot. The Americans declared that the U-2 was disabled by a flameout in its jet engine. Whatever the truth possibly, or combination of truths, the fact remains that Powers survived the brush by parachute in the locality of Sverdlovsk. Upon landing, he was apprehended, disarmed, and escorted to the security constabulary by four occupants of the little town. The mistake of the incident ballad with the American disposal # 8217 ; s handling of the state of affairs, non with the flight itself. It was assumed that Powers had died in the clang, and this was the error. The initial narrative released was non widely reported and merely told of a losing pilot near the Soviet boundary line who # 8217 ; s O equipment was out of order. # 8220 ; From an intelligence point of position, the original screen narrative seemed to be peculiarly awkward # 8230 ; A screen narrative has certain demands. It must be believable. It must be a narrative that can be maintained [ no unrecorded pilots strike harding about ] and it should non hold excessively much item. Anything that # 8217 ; s losing in a cover narrative can be taken attention of by stating the affair is being investigated. # 8221 ; 6 The farther lies the State Department released about the incident merely strained U.S. and Soviet dealingss. These included studies of an unarmed conditions research plane, piloted by a civilian, that had problem with O equipment traveling down over the Soviet Union. Under oppugning by the imperativeness, Information Officer, Walt Bonney, admitted that the U-2 had cameras on board, but they were non reconnaissance cameras. Rather, the cameras were # 8220 ; to take cloud screen # 8221 ; . When it became publically known that Khrushchev had known what had taken topographic point all along and had known for some old ages, President Eisenhower justified the presence of a spy plane over the Soviet Union with it being # 8220 ; in the involvement of the free world. # 8221 ; Khrushchev proverb through the gambit and revoked his invitation for Eisenhower to see the Soviet Union for a acme. Bay of Pigs By 1959, Fidel Castro and his Rebels were able to set up their ain government in Cuba. Americans shortly became hostile to this new authorities when it became evident that Castro endorsed the Soviets. He declared his purposes of back uping guerilla motions against US backed absolutisms throughout Latin America and seized US assets in Cuba. He besides established friendly dealingss with the Soviet Union although he was non communist. The US recognized this menace to their involvements and proceeded to organize a particular CIA undertaking force that was make an armed force of exiled Cubans, organize a insurgent organisations within Cuba, and if possible assassinate Castro. The initial program was to discredit the magnetic adult male in forepart of his state. Some thoughts that were considered to carry through the undertaking were farcical in the least. The first was to spray Cuban Television studios with LSD prior to Castro airing a address in hopes of him doing a complete sap of himself. The bureau had been experimenting with the acid for some clip. However, the thought was rapidly abandoned because no 1 could vouch with any certainty that the drug would hold the coveted consequence. Further efforts were stabs at the expression of Castro himself. One thought was to sophisticate his celebrated insignia, the cigars he is ever seen with. This thought was discontinued because no 1 could calculate out how to acquire the cigars to him. From an angle of more a chemical nature, the bureau planned at one clip to do his face fungus autumn out. Scientists at the bureau knew that when Tl salts contact tegument, they act as a depilatory and do hair autumn out. The thought goes farther into concluding that when Castro aveled he would go forth his places outside of his hotel sleeping room and the salts could be sprinkled in so. This thought became impossible when Castro announced that all extroverted foreign trips were to be cancelled. With these failures, the US felt that it had no pick but to continue with the organisation of zealots and assist them assume the absolutism of Cuba. By the clip John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960, the development of the invasion was already in full force. Eisenhower had earmarked $ 13 million and a force of 1300 work forces had been assembled.7 Cuban pilots were being trained how to wing B-26 bombers by National Guardsmen. The operation was monolithic, plenty so that the public took notice. Kennedy was highly wary of any direct US engagement and put about a series of via medias for the Cuban expatriates. The air screen was reduced and the landings were shifted from a more favourable site to the Bay of Pigs where it was determined that the landing force could acquire ashore with a lower limit of naval and air force back up. Escorted by US naval vass, the force landed in the Bay of Pigs on April 17, 1961. The six B-26s assigned to the operation were clearly unequal and the support from within the state neer to the full materialized. Wholly exposed to countermoves of the Cuban air and land forces, the whole invasion force was either killed or taken captive. When Kennedy # 8217 ; s statement that # 8220 ; the armed forces of this state would non step in in any manner # 8221 ; was an straight-out prevarication. The expatriates utilizations American equipment. They were trained by American military mans, and the planes flown were Americans. The ships that carried the work forces to the invasion were American, with American naval units for support. Americans were killed in operation. When caught in his prevarication, Kennedy was forced to cover the US by widening the Monroe Doctrine to cover communism. He declared that the US would stay free of all Central and Latin American matter every bit long as they were non communist. This debacle doubtless led to Khrushchev # 8217 ; s belief that he could deploy missiles to his newfound ally without any touchable reprisal from the Americans. Practices of Spies Some of the devices used seem to come directly from a James Bond film. Hollow rings or talcum pulverization tins with false undersides were some of the points used for concealing microfilm. An interesting method involves the usage of a microdot whereby pages of information is reduced to the size of a colon and used in an appropriate topographic point on a papers. The procedure is reversed for the extraction of information and the point is enlarged to expose all the information. Hiding topographic points for secret bundles were inventive to state the least and ranged from trees, to destroy walls, to get off boxes. Listening devices were non restricted to telephone bugs, and on one juncture there was a handcarved Great Seal of the United States presented to the US embassador in Moscow by the Soviet Union. It turned out that concealed interior was a listening device. Microwave receiving systems exist all over the universe for the interception of messages, the Soviet embassy in San Francisco has its ain battery of dishes erected on top of its edifice. In 1978, a Bulgarian expatriate by the name Georgi Markov who was working for the Radio Free Europe was fatally poisoned with a pellet most likely hidden in an umbrella. Vladimir Kostov was killed under really similar fortunes in 1978, and it is believed that the toxin used was ricin. This is an highly toxic substance derived from Castor oil. Political and intelligence related blackwashs have abounded in the 20th century with the coming of the Cold War. The populace will neer cognize when one of slayings takes topographic point by ground of secretiveness unless it is a public figure. Decision The bureaus discussed supra are built-in to the peace that exists today. There is no other manner in the age we live in today to supervise the enemy and ally likewise so as to be able to understand their capablenesss and defects without intelligence bureaus. The CIA and KGB by themselves can non guarantee peace. With the cognition supplied by each to its leaders, intelligent determinations can be made in the universe # 8217 ; s best involvement. Furthermore, the position quo and power base remains comparatively stable with the East and West on opposing sides. There can neer be true and utterly complete peace, these organisations will go on to be contrary nescient ideals of the populace for peaceable coexistence. 1Encyclopedia Britannia index page 237 2KGB/CIA, Jonathon Bloch page 12 3KGB/CIA, Jonathon Bloch page 21 4CIA: The Inside Story, Andrew Tully page 113 5CIA: The Inside Story, Andrew Tully page 119 6General Thomas R. Phillips, U.S. Army, retired. 7Bay of Pigs, Peter Wyden page 59? ?

Cask of amantilado Essays - The Cask Of Amontillado, Fortunato

Cask of amantilado Essays - The Cask Of Amontillado, Fortunato Cask of amantilado Literary Analysis Through the character of Fortunato in ?The Cask of Amontillado,? Edgar Allan Poe illustrates that hubris, or great pride or arrogance, is a major flaw in a person?s character. Fortunato is a character who always makes fun of one of his friends and doesn?t realize that it hurts his feelings. He is very arrogant in that he doesn?t care about the feelings of others. In the end his hubris turns out to be his tragic flaw and leads him to his downfall. The particular friend in question whose feelings were hurt is the narrator of this short story, Montresor. His friend Fortunato keeps insulting him but Montresor always puts on a smile. He then reveals that he doesn?t smile because of his jokes. He smiles because he is secretly plotting different ways of bringing about Fortunato?s downfall. Along with Fortunato?s great arrogance concerning other people?s feelings came a great love for drinking. This too played a vital role in his death. These were the days of great and boisterous carnivals in their city. This is when Montresor made the plan for Fortunato?s death. Montresor was not an arrogant man the way Fortunato was. He was a smart man and he knew what Fortunato?s flaws were. Fortunato?s arrogance and great pride as well as his love for drinking are what made Montresor?s plan possible. During the carnival Montresor approaches Fortunato and tells him that he has in his possession a large crate of Amontillado. Amontillado is a very expensive and rare type of wine. The Italians were very fond of their wine and Fortunato in particular considered himself to be a master of recognizing different types of wine. He had a huge ego and as soon as he heard of the possibility of Amontillado in Montresor?s possession he needed to see it and taste it right away. Montresor lights a fire under Fortunato?s ego by saying: "As you are engaged, I am on my way to Luchesi. If any one has a critical turn, it is he. He will tell me." Luchesi is another wine taster in the city. Fortunato replies with: "Luchesi cannot tell Amontillado from Sherry." Then, when they progressed deep underground Fortunato developed a cough and Montresor offered to take him back so he could rest: "Come," I said, with decision, we will go back; your health is precious. You are rich, respected, admired, beloved; you are happy as once I was. You are a man to be missed. For me it is no matter. We will go back; you will be ill and I cannot be responsible. Besides, there is Luchesi" Fortunato replied: "Enough," he said; "the cough is a mere nothing; it will not kill me. I shall not die of a cough." Fortunato was too full of pride to go back and he was too drunk to realize what Montresor was trying to do. Montresor in the end has no trouble chaining Fortunato to a wall and sealing him shut since he was so inebriated. In the end, his pride and drunkenness brought about his own downfall.

Question 28 of 30 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Essay

Question 28 of 30 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of secondary data and give an example of each - Essay Example Accordingly, the cost incurred in data collection is significantly reduced. One disadvantage of secondary data is that the researcher has to rely on others’ researches and findings. In any kind of research, the reliability of information is a prime concern both for the researcher and for the audience. The researcher might want to have a more reliable research than the one conducted by the previous researchers whose data is being used for the current research. â€Å"Agency records, secondary data, and content analysis do not require direct interaction with research subjects† (2011, p. 218). The secondary data does not provide the researcher with the facility to interact one to one with the subjects of research, and the research findings are, for the most part, a conclusion of the past researches. Hence, the â€Å"reliability, credibility, and accuracy [of the research] may not be known† (Summers, Morgan, and Summers, 2005, p.

Managerial Economics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managerial Economics - Term Paper Example Annual reports by oil companies reveal that spending on the exploration and development activities enlarged by $18 billion (5% ) in 2013, whereas spending on the property acquisition continued to decrease by $17 billion. The total upstream spending was comparatively flat after the period of robust growth from 2000 to 2012. In the last three years, flat oil prices, as well as the rising costs, have added to the declining cash flow for these oil producing companies. The continued decrease in cash flow, especially in the face of the rising debt levels, could hinder future exploration and development. Nonetheless, lowered spending levels might be offset by production efficiency and the rising drilling as evidenced in a review of data from 42 lately published financial statements for the public oil companies. The reports, needed by the UK Securities and Exchange Commission, reveal that the small increase in spending was propelled by the expenditures to develop fields obtained in the previ ous years. The expenditures to purchase new property dropped in 2013, and the spending on production actions was flat.Companies’ expenditures link oil production activities in the three groups: property acquisition, production, and exploration and development, jointly referred to as the upstream. Today, property acquisition consists of costs incurred to buy proved and unproved reserves while exploration and development consist of expenditures associated with searching for and developing facilities.

Shakespearean Tragedies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Shakespearean Tragedies - Essay Example However, in the plays of Shakespeare, the tragic hero is always a noble man who enjoys some status and prosperity in society but possesses some moral weakness or flaw which leads to his downfall. External circumstances such as fate also play a part in the heros fall. Evil agents often act upon the hero and the forces of good, causing the hero to make wrong decisions. Innocent people always feel the fall in tragedies, as well. Shakespeares tragedies are, for the most part, stories of one person, the "hero," or at most two, to include the "heroine." Only the Love Tragedies (Romeo and Juliet; Antony and Cleopatra) are exceptions to this pattern. In these plays, the heroine is as much at the center of action as the hero. The rest of the tragedies, including Macbeth, have single stars, so the tragic story is concerned primarily with one person. The tragic heros nature is exceptional, and generally raises him in some respect much above the average level of humanity. Shakespeares tragic heroes are made of the stuff we find in ourselves and within the persons who surround him. But, by an intensification of the life which they share with others, they are raised above them; and the greatest are raised so far that, if we fully realize all that is implied in their words and actions, we become conscious that in real life we have scarcely known anyone resembling them. They have a fatal gift that carries with it a touch of greatness (fierce determination, fixed ideas); and when nobility of mind, or genius, or immense force are joined to it, we realize the full power and reach of the soul, and the conflict in which it engages acquires that magnitude which stirs not only sympathy and pity, but admiration, terror, and awe. Shakespeare wrote tragedies from the beginning of his career: one of his earliest plays was the Roman tragedy Titus Andronicus, and he followed it a few years later with Romeo and Juliet. However, his most admired tragedies

Best marketing mix for selling refrigerators

Best marketing mix for selling refrigerators Wholesaler and retailer have many resembles, but also they have many differences. Wholesaler and retailer are working together for making a profit. Wholesaler sells to the retailer, retailer sell the products to the end consumer. Wholesaler sell only on large quantities and their prices are for whole quantities, on the other hand retailer sells on smaller quantities and is marked up from the wholesalers prices. Wholesaler and retailer receive goods from wide range of different sources and then redistribute them to convenient locations along with a marketing package that is valued by their customer of the final consumer according to Brassington and Pettitt (2003). There is a big distinction between wholesaler and retailer, because wholesaler is focused on business B2B (business to business), on the other hand retailer is focused on B2C (business to consumer). Retailer is the most important part in business, because they connect brands to final consumer. As Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong (2010) retailing includes all the activities involved in selling products or services directly to the final consumer for their personal, nonbusiness use. Also, retailer has much more cost than wholesaler. For example: rent, employees, taxes, loss/breakage, advertising. On the other hand wholesalers have to pay for less stuff. For example: the phone bill or clerks payroll for taking an order. Wholesaler is also an important par in business. Wholesalers help the manufacturers to reach many small customers at a low cost, wholesaler also select items and build assortments to sell to their customers and many other aspects. According to Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong (2010) there are four types of wholesalers: Merchant wholesalers are the largest single group of wholesalers, accounting for roughly 50% of all wholesaling. They have two broad types: full service wholesalers and limited-service wholesaler. A broke brings buyer and sellers together and make negotiations. Agents represent buyers and sellers on a more permanent basis. 1 Personal Selling is the impersonal arm of the promotion mix. A companys salesperson create and communicate customers value through personal personal interactions with customers (Kotler and Armstrong , 2010). Personal selling is available for many years and maybe this is the oldest profession in the world. People who do selling have many different names such as salesperson, sales representative, district managers, account executives, sales consultants, sales engineers, agents and account development reps. Personal selling according to Keegen Green (2011) is person-to-person selling communications between a company representative and a prospective buyer. On the whole, the salesperson is persuading the potential customer to make a purchase and his job is to present the product well by using its advantages and disadvantages. Also the main step in persuading a person to make a sale is to understand customers` needs and organize the company`s efforts to solve customers problems. Most of t he salespersons are well-educated, well-trained professionals who add value for customers and make customer relationships. Keegen Green (2011) share that personal selling is also a popular marketing communication tool in countries with various restrictions on advertising. The term salesperson cover a wide range of positions for example they can be an order taker such as the department store salesperson, who is standing behind the counter. According to Armstrong and Kotler (2011) personal selling involves interpersonal interactions between salesperson and individual customers whether face-to-face, by telephone, via e-mail, through video or Web conferences, or by other means. Actually, many people consider that personal selling can be much more useful and better than advertising the products. Salesperson always can explore, probe the customer, to learn about their problems and to implement an marketing offer to them, which will fit the potential customer`s needs. Advertising in WEBSITES v. Advertising in DAILY NEWSPAPERS 2Advertising is a tool to persuade people to purchase a goods or services. It is mostly used by business firms, organizations, agencies to promote their products to various target publics. According to Kotler and Armstrong (2008) you have to make four important decisions, when developing and starting an advertising program: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Setting advertising objectives this is the first step and it should be defined very well, also it should be based on past decisions. Advertising should be accomplished with a specific target audience for a period of time. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Setting the advertising budget according to Kotler and Armstrong (2011) there are four common methods used to set the possible budget. Affordable method Percentage of sales method Competitive parity method Objective and task method à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Developing advertising strategy it consist of two important elements to be your advertising good: Advertising messages Selecting advertising media à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Evaluating advertising campaigns to choose the best places for you campaign according to you target mission. Advertising is defined by Kotler Armstrong (2005) as any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services through mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television or radio by an identified sponsor. 3Advertising in websites is one of the most known types of advertising. It has its advantages, but on the other hand it has many some limitations, disadvantages. On the whole, it is good to advertise in websites, because you have high selectivity, low cost, immediacy and many interactive capabilities. But also we should have in mind the disadvantages such as demographically skewed audience, relatively low impact, audience controls exposure. Online advertising appear as banners, pop-ups, flash movies, email advertising, backgrounds, wallpapers and so on. Here you can see an example of banners: Sources: www.abv.bg, www.vbox7.com , www.sportni.bg A great advantage of advertising online is that you can administrate and run your media anytime. And there are different types of purchasing your advertisement, but of them are most used: CPC (Cost per click) advertisers pay only when visitors click on banners and are redirected to their websites. CPA (Cost per action) when a member complete a transaction, such as a purchase or sign-up. Advertiser , in most cases,prefer this type of advertising, because it ignores any inefficiency in the sellers. CPM (Cost per Mile) also it is as cost per impressions Advertiser pay per thousand impressions or loads of his advertisement, which has shown in the website. Paul Baines, Chris Fill and Kelly Page (2008) claim that these forms of advertising are best way to drive traffic to your website and also encourage people to make a purchase. Also they assert that online advertising the fastest growing advertising medium in history. As Frances Brassington Stephen Pettitt print media, such as local and national newspapers, special interest magazines and trade publications, have thus become the primary focus for most organizations. Advertising in newspapers give us the opportunity to communicate with our potential customers quickly and flexible. Newspapers are regularly scheduled publications, which contains news, articles, information and advertisements. This type of advertising offers us a wide range of advertising opportunities and audiences. There are two types of newspapers: 4 Daily newspapers: are published every day with some exceptions. For example on Sundays and some holidays. They are issued in the morning and they consist of advertising inserts, stories, news from the previous day and are posted at the last page some jokes and crosswords. Weekly newspapers: this are newspapers which are smaller than daily newspapers and are also published two-three times a week. Newspapers are of the most used types of advertising and their advantage is that they can be afforded not only by national chains of retailers, car manufacturers but also to small companies, which start a business. The main problem of newspaper advertising according to Brassington Pettitt (2006) is targeting. It is linked to its cost-efficiency and advertisers want to have more selection in targeting, because in newspapers wastage rates is high. Newspapers have shorter lifespan, because they are used and people throw them and do not use more. BENEFITS SOUGHT or DEMOGRAPHIC segmentation Market segmentation is the process of dividing large heterogeneous markets into smaller, homogeneous subsets of people or business with similar needs and/or responsiveness to marketing mix offerings (Kinnear and Bernhardt, 1990). Segmentation have wide definition. There are many examples of market segmentation: when you go to a shop in soft-drinks section you will find soft-drinks to different brads, with sugar, no sugar, with and without caffeine, in different flavors, in returnable bottles, in cans, in individually containers or in six packed- this is the concept of market segmentation. Segmentation has many types, but in this paper will be reviewed only two: benefits sought and demographic segmentation. Benefits sought is a type of segmentation and it groups people in different benefits that they seek from the product. According to Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler (2011) benefit segmentation requires fining the major benefits people look for in the product class, the kinds of people who seek for each benefit, and the major brands that deliver each benefit. And also they give some examples: 5 Fit and Polish consumer want something, which is balanced between function and style, they exercise for results but want to look good doing it. Serous Sports Competitors they desire a combination between performance and function. Value Seeking Moms they are shopping for the family and they are looking for durability and value. Thus, each segment seek a different mix of benefits. Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler (2011). Demographic segmentation is concerned about segments, which are based on Age consumer needs and want change with age Gender this segmentation is used in clothing, cosmetics, toiletries and magazines. Family size family life cycle Income Occupation Education levels of population Religion Race Family Nationality Generation 6According to Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler (2011) demographic segmentation is the most popular bases for segmenting groups. As Thomas Kinnear Kenneth Bernhardt (1990) segmentation is the most popular way marketers identify important market segments and target markets. Demographic changes can create opportunities for marketing innovation according to Wareen Keegen Mark Green (2011). Moreover they give us an example of two entrepreneurs in France, who have significantly improved their business. They started with a small specialized stores of about 5000 square meters floor space and as a demographic segmentation they made a big corporation and now they are one of the biggest companies in the world. Analysis section: As we saw in this paper, selling is not an easy task. You should have many skills, you have to find customers needs to persuade them to buy and the most important thing is the customer to be satisfied from the product, which he bought. Nowadays, it is difficult to decide which distribution channel, marketing mix or which segmentation to use because the world is becoming more and more different and people are influenced by different things. Selling refrigerators is actually difficult, because every people have different preferences. What is best for selling refrigerators wholesalers-retailers connection or personal selling, which has been proved with the years as one of the best ways to sell something. Wholesaler-retailer is a good method to sell refrigerators in this particular case, because it is possible not to have the products, which customer is need and immediately you may purchase them from the wholesaler, it will ask the manufacturer for the given type of refrigerator and del ivery will be done. The customer will be glad that have receive a refrigerator, which he want most and the wholesaler-retailer will be satisfied that will earn money. On the other hand personal selling is other good way for selling refrigerators, because you are with the potential customer and you could easily to understand what are his desires and to suggest the best product, which will fit the customer. In this paper I will use the results of a marketing research, which was made in Sofias malls. 7Figure1. Who influenced men and women, when shopping. In our marketing research men and women were asked about the person, who influenced their decision, when making a purchase or who they asked when they have questions concerned about the best product. In Figure1 we can see that men and women request assistance, when they are buying something. Lets assume that these men and women will buy refrigerator, they will be influenced by shop assistant, which means that personal selling is a good method to persuade the customer to make a purchase. I do not want to say that wholesaler-retailer is not a method which help running many business. On the whole, it will help and will be a way of selling, but according to customers opinions, personal selling is better. What about the advertising, nowadays there is so much that sometimes managers get confused. One of the most powerful advertising tools available are websites and newspapers. In our case, which will help us more to persuade people to buy a refrigerator. Once more we will make a consultation to our previous marketing research about which advertising influenced more men and women. Figure 2. Which advertising influenced men and women as potential buyers. 8 Advertising in websites or newspapers is the given task in our case. Actually I have to mention here that Internet is becoming more and more in our live, so advertising in websites will be one of the most preferable places to advertise your product. In figure 1 we can see that men and women are influenced by advertisements in newspapers and magazines. Moreover, nowadays, most managers and companies decide to advertise their products by magazines, newspapers. For example we can find their offers freely everywhere. Most companies published every week a magazines/newspaper with their top and cheap products. Really, advertising in Internet is a good idea, we can have a strong advertisement, but is not preferred than newspapers. In newspapers customers may see a large photo of the product, their options and advantages, while in Internet they can only saw a banner and nothing more. People who want to buy technologies are more common to be influenced by advertisements in newspapers or magaz ines. So, as a conclusion we have to have in mind the customers preferences and their opinion about what influenced them to make a purchse and here newspapers advertising is better than advertising in internet. Definitely, advertising in Internet give us a grat opportunity to choose between different types to run our advertisements and to target specific group of people, but we observe that people are more influenced by advertisements in newspapers. Benefits sought and Demographic segmentations are appropriate for selling refrigerators, in our case. As to Palmer (2000) customer are becoming increasingly diverse in their needs. According to him some of the bases for identifying different types of customer are familiar such as age, gender, geographical location. Other such as attitudes and lifestyle. The main mission of segmentation is to identify groups of people, who will buy and respond to an offer. In our particular case, demographic segmentation and benefits sought will help us to sell more refrigerators. According to Jobber (1998) when examining criteria, the marketer is trying to identify good predictors of differences in buyer behavior. So, here you find analyses about better segmentation when purchasing a refrigerator. 9Benefits sought determine the people with different preferences, on the other hand demographic segmentation help us to find the best place to advertise our product. For example if we advertise in newspapers, we can choose the best place, which meets our targets and to advertise there. Demographic segmentation give us the opportunity to segment people and to choose best part, where we will buy more. Benefits sought also segment people according to their preferences. For example some people will need a white, black, noir or purple refrigerator, others will want to buy small or big, others will prefer to have a refrigerator which have many options (such as to make ice, to purified water and so on). In general, refrigerators are unique product among the white technologies and every family needs this technology. In an ideal world, each individual buyers would be considered to have 10unique set of needs, which they seek to satisfy Palmer (2000).

The Cold War :: Cold War History Historical Essays

The Cold War The conflict in ideologies between capitalism and communism resulted in one of the greatest conflicts of the twentieth century. The belief that freedom and democracy would die under communist rule caused the United States to start a conflict that would last for decades. The decisions made by the United States in W.W.II caused tensions to rise between the U. S. and the Soviet Union. Fear of Communism in capitalist nations, caused the United states government to use propaganda to raise Cold War anxieties. Furthermore, the American media influenced the attitudes of Americans, making a hatred of communism spread though the nation. Thus, the United States caused the conflict known as the Cold War, through its political policy and propaganda. The political relations going on in Europe during and directly after World War II had an enormous effect on laying the foundation for the Cold War. War time conferences such as Yalta and Terhran harshened the relationship between the communists and th e capitalists. At the end of W.W.II American policy towards the Soviets changed drastically. The change in president in 1945 caused relations with Russia to worsen. Furthermore, other political contributions to the Cold War entailed the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. The division of Europe between the west and east drew physical borders which outlined that the war of misinformation that had began. Also treaties of the post war world further separated the two super powers of the world for the decades to follow. The waging of hot wars through other countries also strengthened Cold War hatred.(1) The first of the cold war tensions arose out of W.W.II conferences between the Soviet Union, America and, Great Britain. Tehran, the first major conference which lead America to start the Cold War, included all three of these nations. At this conference the reshaping of post-war Europe was discussed (2) Later in February of 1945, the big three met again at Yalta. At this conference Eur opean boundaries, German reparations, and Polish elections were agreed upon.(3) Stalin, the Russian leader, agreed to hold free and fair elections. Later after Roosevelt, who attended these conferences, died Truman became president. He accused the Soviet leader, Stalin, of not holding up to his agreements at Yalta.(4) Stalin wanted to use Poland as a buffer zone to prevent any future invasions from happening through this area. During W.W.II the Soviets had lost 27 million, and Stalin made it clear that in no way would he allow this to happen again.

Isaac Newton

Imagine a world with no concept of gravity, a world that knows not what forces affect a moving body, a world that does not understand the science affecting light and a world without calculus.   Imagine a world without one of its greatest minds, Sir Isaac Newton.   Sir Isaac Newton is neither a mathematician nor a scientist, he is neither an astronomer nor a chemist, he is all of these compressed into one genius. His works have greatly contributed to the advancement of the sciences and civilized society as a whole.   Present day natural and chemical sciences including mathematics will not be the same without his ideas.   To pay homage to a man this great, let us study his life and his legacies, let us delve into his mind, view his past, learn a little about his childhood and make sure that he is not forgotten in the annals of history. Isaac Newton was born prematurely on Christmas day 1642 (4 January 1643, Gregorian calendar) in Woolsthorpe in Lincolnshire. He came from a family of farmers but never knew his father, also named Isaac Newton, who died in October 1642, three months before his son was born.   When he was barely three years old Newton's mother, Hanna Ayscough placed her first born with his grandmother Margery Ayscough at Woolsthorpe in order to remarry and raise a second family with Barnabas Smith, a wealthy minister from nearby North Witham (Hatch, 2002). Basically treated as an orphan, Isaac did not have a happy childhood, he felt very bitter towards his mother and his step-father Barnabas Smith, proof of which he wrote as among his sins at age nineteen:- Threatening my father and mother Smith to burn them and the house over them. Isaac began attending the Free Grammar School in Grantham but shown little promise in academic work.. His mother thought that her eldest son was the right person to manage her affairs and her estate so Isaac was taken away from school but fortunately showed that he had no talent or interest in managing an estate. Isaac was allowed to return to the Free Grammar School in Grantham in 1660 to complete his school education and entered his uncle's old College, Trinity College Cambridge, on 5 June 1661. Newton's aim at Cambridge was a law degree but nevertheless Newton studied the philosophy of Descartes, Gassendi, Hobbes, and in particular Boyle. The mechanics of the Copernican astronomy of Galileo attracted him and he also studied Kepler's Optics. He recorded his thoughts in a book which he entitled Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae (Certain Philosophical Questions) (Robertson, 2000). In 1665 Newton took his bachelor's degree at Cambridge without honors or distinction. The university closed for the next two years because of plague so Newton returned to Woolsthorpe in midyear. There, in the following 18 months, he made a series of original contributions to science.   He himself admitted that All this was in the two plague years of 1665 and 1666, for in those days I was in my prime of age for invention, and minded mathematics and philosophy more than at any time since. In mathematics Newton conceived his ‘method of fluxions' (infinitesimal calculus), laid the foundations for his theory of light and color, and achieved significant insight into the problem of planetary motion, insights that eventually led to the publication of his Principia (1687). There, in a period of less than two years, while Newton was still under 25 years old, he began revolutionary advances in mathematics, optics, physics, and astronomy (Hatch, 2002). In April 1667, Newton returned to Cambridge and was elected a minor fellow at Trinity. In the next year he became a senior fellow upon taking his master of arts degree, and in 1669 he succeeded Isaac Barrow as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. From this point until 1678, Newton published two papers which according to Robert Hooke were plagiarized and were taken from his research, this led to several arguments between the two but as history would have it, society favored the older more brittle Robert Hooke.   In 1678, the blow of this controversy caused Newton to suffer a serious breakdown and the year immediately after, his mother died.   These past events took its toll on Newton, he cut off himself from others and started to engross himself in alchemical research. In 1687, with the support of his friend the astronomer Edmond Halley, Newton published his single greatest work, the ‘Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica' (‘Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy'). This literature showed how a universal force, gravity, applied to all objects in all parts of the universe (Hatch, 2002). In 1689, Newton was elected MP for Cambridge University and eventually was appointed warden of the Royal Mint, settling in London in 1696. He took his duties at the Mint very seriously and campaigned against corruption and inefficiency within the organization. In 1703, he was elected president of the Royal Society, an office he held until his death. He was knighted in 1705. By the early 1700s Newton was the dominant figure in British and European science. He died on March 20, 1727 (31 March, Gregorian) in London, England and was buried in Westminster Abbey (BBC.co.uk). After his burial, he was exhumed so he could be buried in a more prominent location in Westminster Abbey and in this process it was discovered that Newton had large amounts of mercury in his body, probably as a direct result of his alchemical experiments. Exposure to large amounts of mercury may explain Newton’s eccentricity in his latter years, as well as his cause of death (Conservapedia, 2007). Newton’s contributions to the sciences involve the fields of optics, mathematics, mechanics, gravitation, chemistry and alchemy. In the field of Optics, he discovered measurable, mathematical patterns in the phenomenon of color.   He found â€Å"white light to be a mixture of infinitely varied colored rays (manifest in the rainbow and the spectrum), each ray definable by the angle through which it is refracted on entering or leaving a given transparent medium†(Hall). He correlated this notion with his study of the interference colors of thin films using a simple technique of extreme acuity to measure the thickness of such films. He held that light consisted of streams of minute particles. From his experiments he could infer the magnitudes of the transparent â€Å"corpuscles† forming the surfaces of bodies, which, according to their dimensions, so interacted with white light as to reflect, selectively, the different observed colors of those surfaces (Hall). In Mathematics, Newton made contributions to all its branches, but is especially famous for his solutions to the contemporary problems in analytical geometry of drawing tangents to curves (differentiation) and defining areas bounded by curves (integration). Not only did Newton discover that these problems were inverse to each other, but he discovered general methods of resolving problems of curvature, embraced in his â€Å"method of fluxions† and â€Å"inverse method of fluxions† which is later known as calculus (BuddenbrooksInc). In the field of mechanics and gravitation, Newton published his greatest work the Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (Principia) – arguably the greatest scientific book ever written.   The Principia, composed of several volumes, states the foundations of the science of mechanics, developing upon them the mathematics of orbital motion round centers of force.   A volume discussed the theory of fluids: Newton solves problems of fluids in movement and of motion through fluids. From the density of air he calculated the speed of sound waves.   Another volume showed the law of gravitation at work in the universe: Newton demonstrates it from the revolutions of the six known planets, including the Earth, and their satellites. However, he could never quite perfect the difficult theory of the Moon's motion. Comets were shown to obey the same law In later editions, Newton added conjectures on the possibility of their return. He calculated the relative masses of heavenly bodies from their gravitational forces, and the oblateness of Earth and Jupiter, already observed. He explained tidal ebb and flow and the precession of the equinoxes from the forces exerted by the Sun and Moon. All this was done by exact computation (Hall). Despite his genius, Newton was a complicated man.   He would suffer emotional breakdowns and would engage other scientists in arguments, he would also cut himself off from the rest of the world and go into seclusion. The world has also seen, during his fight with Leibniz, what great lengths he would employ to come out on top.   These small things may be attributed to the fact that at some points in his life the world seemed to act in consonance and revolted against him, however, neither criticism nor accusations could suppress his genius.   All throughout his life, he kept his secret weapon – he had an incomparable passion for learning. REFERENCES BBC.co.uk. Isaac Newton. Retrieved December 8, 2007, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/newton_isaac.shtml BuddenbrooksInc. Sir Isaac Newton's Invention of the Calculus Fluxions and Infinite Series–The Important First Edition. Retrieved December 8, 2007, from http://www.polybiblio.com/bud/19178.html Conservapedia (2007, November 8). Isaac Newton. Retrieved December 8, 2007, from http://www.conservapedia.com/Isaac_Newton Hall, Alfred Rupert. Isaac Newton’s Life. Retrieved December 8, 2007, from http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html Hatch, Robert (2002). Isaac Newton.   Retrieved, December 8, 2007, from http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/01-Courses/current-courses/08sr-newton.htm Robertson, E.F. and J. J. O’Connor (2000 January). Sir Isaac Newton. Retrieved December 8, 2007, from http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Newton.html The Newton Project. Newton’s Life and Work at a Glance. Retrieved December 8, 2007, from http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=15         

Mary Wollstonecraft and Mary Shelley

Mary Wollstonecraft and Mary Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft was a pioneer in feminist thinking and writing. The author gave birth to Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley in 1797. Wollstonecraft died soon after childbirth due to a fever. How could this have influenced Shelley’s writings? Although her mother did not live long enough to influence Shelley directly, it is clear that the Wollstonecraft and the ideas of the Romantic era greatly shaped Shelley’s beliefs. The Life of Mary Wollstonecraft Wollstonecraft was strongly influenced by Thomas Paine and argued that women deserved equal rights. She saw how her own father treated her mother as property and refused to allow the same future for herself. When she became old enough, she earned a living as a governess but was bored with this work. She wanted to challenge her high intellect. When she was 28, she wrote a semi-autobiographical novel titled Maria. She soon moved to London and became an admired professional writer and editor who wrote about the rights of women and children. In 1790, Wollstonecraft wrote her essay A Vindication of the Rights of Men based on her reaction to the French Revolution. This essay influenced her famous feminist social study A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, which she wrote two years later. The work continues to be read in literature and Womens studies classes today. Wollstonecraft experienced two romantic affairs and gave birth to Fanny before falling in love with William Godwin. By November  1796, she became pregnant with their only child, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. Godwin and she were married in March of the following year. During the summer, she began writing The Wrongs of Women: or Maria. Shelley was born on August 30 and Wollstonecraft died less than two weeks later. Godwin raised both Fanny and Mary surrounded by philosophers and poets, such as Coleridge and Lamb. He also taught Mary to read and spell her name by having her trace her mothers inscription on the stone. Mary Shelley and Frankenstein With much of the independent spirit that drove her mother, Mary left home when she was 16 to live with her lover, Percy Shelley, who was unhappily married at the time. Society and even her father treated her as an outcast. This rejection influenced her writings greatly. Along with the suicides of Percys estranged wife and then Marys half-sister Fanny, her alienated status inspired her to write her greatest work, Frankenstein. Frankenstein is often referenced as the start of Science Fiction. Legend  claims that Shelley wrote the whole book in one night as part of a competition between herself, Percy Shelley, Lord Byron and John Polidori. The aim was to see who could write the best horror story. While Shelleys tale isnt usually classified as a horror it did spawn a new genre mixing moral questions with science.

The Inventor of Mass-Producing Steel Henry Bessemer

The Inventor of Mass-Producing Steel Henry Bessemer Sir Henry Bessemer, an Englishman, invented the first process for mass-producing  steel  inexpensively in the 19th century. It was an essential contribution to the development of modern day skyscrapers. The First System for Manufacturing Steel An American, William Kelly, initially held a patent for a system of air blowing the carbon out of pig iron, a method of steel production known as the pneumatic process. Air was blown through molten pig iron to oxidize and remove unwanted impurities. This was Bessemer’s starting point. When Kelly went bankrupt, Bessemer – who had been working on a similar process for making steel – bought his patent. Bessemer patented a decarbonization process utilizing a blast of air in 1855. Modern Steel Modern steel is made using technology based on Bessemers process. On the making of the first steel ingot, Bessemer said: I well remember how anxiously I awaited the blowing of the first 7-cwt. charge of pig iron. I had engaged an ironfounders furnace attendant to manage the cupola and the melting of the charge. When his metal was nearly all melted, he came to me  and said hurriedly, Where be going to put the metal, maister? I said, I want you to run it by a gutter into that little furnace, pointing to the converter, from which you have just raked out all the fuel, and then I shall blow cold air through it to make it hot.The man looked at me in a way in which surprise and pity for my ignorance seemed curiously blended, and  he said, It will soon be all of a lump. Notwithstanding this prediction, the metal was run in, and I awaited with much impatience the result. The first element attacked by the atmospheric oxygen is the silicon, generally present in pig iron to the extent of 1 1/2 to 2 percent; it is the white metallic substance of which flint is the acid silicate. Its combustion furnishes a great deal of heat, but it is very undemonstrative, a few sparks and hot gases only indicating the fact that something is going quietly on.But after an interval of 10 or 12 minutes, when the carbon contained in grey pig iron to the extent of about 3 percent is seized on by the oxygen, a voluminous white flame is produced which rushes out of the openings provided for its escape from the upper chamber, and it brilliantly illuminates the whole space around. This chamber proved a perfect cure for the rush of slags and metal from the upper central opening of the first converter. I watched with some anxiety for the expected cessation of the flame as the carbon gradually burnt out. It took place almost suddenly, and thus indicated the entire decarburisation of the metal.The furnace was then tapped, when out rushed a limpid stream of incandescent malleable iron, almost too brilliant for the eye to rest upon. It was allowed to flow vertically into the parallel undivided ingot mould. Then came the question, would the ingot shrink enough, and the cold iron mould expand enough, to allow the ingot to be pushed out? An interval of eight or 10 minutes was allowed, and then, on the application of hydraulic force to the ram, the ingot rose entirely out of the mould and stood there ready for removal. Bessemer was knighted in 1879 for his contributions to science. The Bessemer Process for mass-producing steel was named after him. Robert Mushet is credited with inventing tungsten steel in 1868, and Henry Brearly invented stainless steel in 1916.

Martin Luther King, Jr Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Martin Luther King, Jr - Essay Example In order to persuade the audience he used the persuasion technique of emotional appeal. He tapped into the emotions of the African American population by making them feel that they were not being treated fairly and the current government practices were discriminatory. For this purpose he uses various terms such as crippled in order to make the African Americans feel that they are being crushed due to the corrupt practices of the government and they need to protest for their rights (Americanrhetoric.com, 2015). Secondly, he even uses his own credibility as a tool to influence the African American population. During his speech he refers to Abraham Lincoln to prove that the founding fathers considered the African American race as equal to other races of America. The use of this reference makes that audience feels that King was a person credible enough to deliver the speech because he has enough information about the background of the position of African Americans in the history of

Business Administration Capstone class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Administration Capstone class - Essay Example Factors influencing organizations or businesses can be broadly classified into two i.e. external and internal environmental factors. The internal environment of an organization defines the actual working mechanism of the organization. It encompasses factors such as the organizational culture, employees’ policy, and in a nut-shell the factors which are internal to the organization that is the strengths and weaknesses of an organization (Dess, Lumpkin & Eisner, 2010). This is in contrast to the external factors. The external factors constitute the opportunities and the threats that are present in the external environment for the organization. At all times an organization is faced by either Opportunities or threats, or both. These two factors not only present challenges to an organization, but also a long-term strategy that may assist an organization grow or prosper (SWOT Analysis, n.d.). For example, Technological changes, consumer culture and the state policies present both opportunities and threats to organizations. Generally, opportunities present for a firm may also present similar threats. This is because at any instance they influence both external and internal environmental reactions. This reaction is what actually dictates the definition of a threat or an opportunity to a business. For example, government policy may be a threat or opportunity depending whether it favors or threatens an organization’s objectives. The value chain analysis of the Stilsim company indicates that the company is surrounded by a number of threats and opportunities that are likely to affect the productivity and hence the future of the organization. StilSim Company has numerous opportunities to better its services, however, the number of threats facing the company far out way the current opportunities available for the company survive the harsh